Ancient Bible
The Hebrew, Aramaic and Greek Scriptures — every word parsed, every form defined

Old Testament

Ancient Bible › Old Testament

The Hebrew Bible as the Masoretes left it: consonants, vowel points and cantillation marks, in the Westminster Leningrad Codex — the electronic edition of the Leningrad Codex, the oldest complete manuscript of the Hebrew Bible, copied in Cairo early in the eleventh century and now in St Petersburg. Thirty-nine books, 929 chapters, 305,517 words.

Every word is parsed. Hebrew words are further broken into their component morphemes — the conjunction, the article, the preposition, the stem, the pronominal suffix — and each piece is analysed on its own, because that is how the language is built. Click or tap any word for its dictionary form, its grammatical analysis in plain English, a short definition, and the full entry from Brown-Driver-Briggs.

Parts of the Old Testament are not in Hebrew but in Aramaic, the administrative language of the Persian empire: most of Daniel 2–7, the Ezra correspondence, a verse of Jeremiah and two words in Genesis. Those passages are marked and parsed as Aramaic where they occur.

The same books stand elsewhere on this site in their ancient Greek translation, in the Septuagint, and among the Dead Sea Scrolls in copies a thousand years older than the Leningrad Codex.

Edition. Text: Westminster Leningrad Codex (public domain). Lemmas and morphology: Open Scriptures Hebrew Bible (CC BY 4.0), a scholarly parsing of the entire Hebrew Bible. Dictionary: Brown-Driver-Briggs. Grammatical descriptions: STEP Bible, Tyndale House Cambridge (CC BY 4.0).
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