4Q197 โ a copy of Tobit in Aramaic, from Qumran Cave 4, in Aramaic.
Square brackets mark reconstruction. Letters inside brackets are the editorsโ restoration; a bracketed ellipsis [โฆ] stands where a word is lost altogether.
Aramaic · Dead Sea Scrolls
4Q197
Abegg, Bowley and Cook · every word parsed
Fragment f1
1
[โฆ] [ื]ื ืื ืื[ืืื] [โฆ]
2
[โฆ][ื] [โฆ] [ืืกืื]ื ืื ืืื [โฆ]ื
3
[โฆ] [ืฉื][ื] [ืืื]ืฉื ืงืื [ืื ืื] [โฆ]ื
Fragment f2
1
[โฆ] [ื]ืื ืืกืื ื [โฆ]
2
[โฆ] โฆ ืืืืณืืื [โฆ]ื
Fragment f3
1
[โฆ] [ืฆ]ืจืื ืืณื [โฆ] โฆ [โฆ]
2
[โฆ] ืืื ืืข โฆ [โฆ]ื
3
[โฆ] ืื ื ืขืืจ[ืื] [ืืจ] [โฆ]
4
[โฆ]ื ืืืืจ ืืณื [โฆ]
5
[โฆ] ืืื ืืข ืืง[ืฉื][ื] [โฆ]ื
Fragment f4i
1
[โฆ] ืื ืืืืง [ื][ืืก]ืฃ ืืจืณื ืืื # [โฆ]
2
[โฆ][ื] [ื]ืืืจ ืืณื ืื ืชืืืื ืืฉืื ืืื ืืจืณื
3
[โฆ] [ื][ืฉ]ืื ืื ืชืืืื ืืื ืชืฆืคื ืืณื ืืืชืณืื
4
[โฆ] ื ืืจ[ืืณื] [โฆ][ื] [ื][ืฉืชืง]ื ืขืื ืืื ืืืชื
5
[โฆ] [ื][ืืื]ืื ืขืืณื ื[ื]ื [ืืื][ื] [โฆ] [ื][ืืืื] ืืืื ืืกืืจ ืืณืืื
6
[ืืืื] [ื][ืืื] [ืข]ื ืืงืืชื ืื ืืช ืขืืื[ื] [โฆ] [ื][ืฉืืจ] [ื ื]ื ืื ืจื ืื
7
[ืื][ื] [ื][ืื]ืืข ืจืื ืขืืื[ื] [โฆ][ื] [โฆ] [ื]ืชืงืฃ ื [ืื ][ื] [ื][ื]ืืจ ืขืืืื
8
[ื][ื ืื ][ื] [ื][ืื ืค]ืงืณื ืืืืฉื ืื[ืืจ] [ืืณื] [ืืืื][ื][ื] [ืคืจ]ืงืณืื ืืื ืคืง [ื][ืืจืจืชืณื] [ื][ืืืืณ]ื
9
[ื][ืืืืณื] [ืฉืื] [ื]ืืืณื ืืืขืืณื[ื] [ืืจื] [ืกื] [ืืื] [ืืจืจืชืณื] [ื][ืืืืณ]ื ืืืืืณืื ื[ืคืจืง] [โฆ]
10
[ืืจืจืชืณื] [ื][ื]ืืืณื ื[ืืืืณื] [โฆ] [ืื] [ื ]ืื ื ืืืื ืืืฃ [โฆ]
11
[ืฉืืจืืช]ื ืืืืื ืชืจืืณื[ื]ื [ื]ืืื [ืขื] ืง[ืจืื] [ืืณ]ืืื ืืืืื [โฆ]
12
[ื][ื]ืืจ ืืณื ืขืืจืื ืืืณื ืื ืกื ืืืื ื ืื ื ืืื[ืืืณื] [ื][ื][ืืจืจืชืณื] [โฆ][ื] [โฆ] [ืื]
13
[ืช]ืืชื ืณื ืงืื ืืืจ ืื ืื ืชื ื ืืืขื ืฉื ืื ืจืื [ืืืืฉื] [โฆ]
14
[ืื] ืืกืืจืื ืกืืจืชืณืื[ื] ืืขืืื ืืืจืจืชื ืืืืื ืขื[ื ื] [ืื ืฉ] [โฆ]
15
โฆ ืืจืจืื ืืืืืื ืื[ื]ื ืขืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืจ ืืื ื[ืืืง] [ื][ืืืืชื][ื] [ืืืจ] [ืจืคืื]
16
[ื][ืขืื]ืื ื[ื]ืืื ืืืณื ืืืืจ ืืณื ืื ืื ื ืืืืจ ืืณื ืืืืช [ืจืขืืื] [ื ืืืช]
17
[ื][ื]ืืจื ืื ืืืช ืืืืณื ื ืืื ืืืืชื ืืณื ืืจื ืฉืคืืจื [โฆ][ื] [ื][ืืืจื]
18
[ืื] ืืืชื ืืณื ืื[ื] ืฉืจื [ื]ื[ืืืืืณ]ื ืืื ืชื ืง[ืจื]ื ืืณื [ืขื] [ืื] [ืื ืฉ] [ื][ืืืจืชืณื]
19
[ื][ืืื] [ืื] [ื][ืืืืณื] [ืกืืณื] ืืณื ื[ืื ืช]ื [ื]ืืื ื ื[ืณื] [โฆ] [ื][ืขืืืืช][ื]ื
Fragment f4ii
1
[ืื] [ืืื] [ืืืืื] [ื][ืชืงืืค]ื ืืฉืคืืจื ืืืื ืืืืืณื ืจืื [ืืณื] [ื][ืื] [ืื] [ืืณื] [ืืื] [ืืณื]
2
[ื][ืืณ]ื [ืืืืจ] [ื][ืืืจืช] [ื]ืืืืณืื ืืขืืืณื ืืื ืงืฉืื ืืืจ ืื[ืกืืณื][ื] [ื][ืืขื] [ืฉืืข] [ืืณื]
3
[ืืืณื] ืื ืืื ืืขื[ื]ืชื ืื ืืืืืื ืื ืื ืงืืืณื ื ืืชืกืืณื ื ืืณื ืืื ืช[ื] [โฆ]
4
[ื ืขืื] [ืืณื] ืืฉืชืืชื ืืืืข ืื ื ืื ืื ืืืื ืจืขืืื ืืืืืืณื ืื ืณื ืืืื ืื ืืื ืืืข
5
[โฆ] ืืืืกื ืืจืชืณื ืื ืื ืื [ืฉ] [ืืจื] [ื]ืื ืื[ืข] ืื ืื ืื ืชื ืณื ื ืืืืจ
6
[ืืืจื] [โฆ] [ืกืคืจ] ืืืฉื ืืืขื [ื ืืื] [ื][ืขืื]ืืช[ื] ืื ืืืืื ืื ืื ืงืืืณื ื
7
[ืืณื] [โฆ][ื] [ืืืื] [ืขื ื] [ืืืืื] [ื][ืืืจ] [ื][ืจืค]ืื ืขืืจืื ืืืณื ืฉืืขืช
8
[โฆ] [ื][ืืืชื] [ื]ืื ืขืืืื ืขืืืณื ืืื
9
[โฆ][ื] [ื][ืืขื] [ื]ืื ืื ื [ื]ื ืฉืื ืื
10
[ืจืืืณื] [โฆ] [ื][ื]ืืณื ืืืืืณื
11
[ื][ืงืืจ][ื] [โฆ] [ื][ืืจ] [ื]ืืจื ืื
12
[ืืืชื] [ืืณืืื] [ืื] [ืืงืืจ] [ืื ืื][ื] [โฆ] [ื][ืคืงืืื] [ืืืืณื] ืื ืคืงืืณื
13
[โฆ] [ืฉ]ืื ืื ืืกืืณื
14
[โฆ]
15
[โฆ]ื
16
[โฆ] [ื][ืืืื] [ืข]ืืณื ืขื[ืจื] [ืื] [โฆ]
17
[โฆ] [ื][ื]ื ืชืืื [ืื] [ืืณ]ื ืืื ืืืืงื ืืืณื [ืืื ][ื] [ืืืจ] [ื][ืืกืืณื]
18
[โฆ] ืชืฉืื[ืณื] [โฆ] [ื]ืืืื ืื ื ืื ืืืืื ืืณื [ืื ืณื] [ืื ืื] [ื][ื]ืืืื
19
[โฆ] [ืืณื] [ื][ืืืื] [ื][ืืื] [ืฉ]ืืข ืืืืื ืืื ืจืคื[ื] [ืื] [ืืื] [ืืณ]ื ืืื ืืื
Fragment f4iii
1
[ืืืช] [ืืจืข] [ืืืืณืื] [ืฉ]ืืื ืจืืืณื ืืืืณื ืืืง ืืณื [ืืื]ืื ืืืื ืขืื ืืืื ืืื[ืชื] [ืืืจ]
2
ืืณื ืืืืื ืขื[ืจืื] [ืืืณื] [ื]ืืจืณื ื ืงืฉืืื ืืืืช ืจืขืืื ืืืืณื ื ืืืืจืณื ืืืื[ื] [ื][ืืืช]
3
ืจืขืืื ืืืฉืื[ื] [ื]ืจืขืื[ื] [ื]ืชื ืงืื ืชืจืข ืืจืชืณื ืืฉืืื ืฉืืืณื ืืงืืืื ืืืืจ ืืณืืื
4
ืืฉืื ืืชืืชืื ืืขืื ืืฉื[ื] ืืืณื ืืืขื ืื ืื ืืืืชืณืื ืืืืจ ืืขืื ื ืื ืชืชืณื ืืื
5
ืืื ืขืืืื ืื ืืืืื ืืจ ืืืณืื ืืฉืืืช ืื ืื ืขืื ื ืืืืจืช ืืณืืื ืื ืื ืื ืชืื ืืืณื
6
ืืืืจื ืืณื ืื ืื ืณื ื ืคืชืื [ืื] ืฉืืื ืื ืื ืืื ืืืืจื ืืณืืื ืืืขืื ืื ืชืื ืืืืื ืืืืณื [ื]
7
ืืืืจืื ืืณื ืื ืืืขืื ืื [ื]ื ื ืืณื ืืฉืื ืืืื ืืืืจื ืืณื ืฉื[ื] [ื][ืื]ืจ [ืื]ืืื
8
ืื ืืืณื ืืืื ืืฉืืจ ืจืขืืื ื ืฉืงืณื ืืื[ื] [โฆ]
9
ืืื ืขื[ืืณื] [ืืจืณื] [ืื ืชื] ื[ืจ] ืืืจื ืงืฉืื[ื] [โฆ]
10
ืฆืืจ ืืืืื [ืืจ] [ืืืืณืื] [ื][ืืื] [โฆ]ื
11
ืืืจ ืื ืขื ืื[ื] [โฆ]
12
ืืืืื ืืืืฉืชื [โฆ] [ืขืืจืื] [ืืืณื] [ืืืจ] [ื][ืจืขืืื] [ืื] [ืื ืชื] [ืืณื] [ืฉืจื]
13
ืืืชืณืื ืืฉืืข [ืจืขืืื] [โฆ]ื
Fragment f5
1
[โฆ] [ืืืืณืืื] [ื][ืจืืื]ื ืืืืืื [โฆ]
2
[โฆ][ื] [ื][ืคืงื] [ื][ืขืืืืณืื] [ื]ื ืืืืื[ื] [ืคืืช][ื] [โฆ]
3
[โฆ][ื] [โฆ] [ืืืจ] [ืชืจื] ืชืืจ[ืื] [โฆ]
4
[โฆ]
5
[โฆ]ื
6
[โฆ] [ืืื]ืื ืขืืณื ืืืืช ื[ืืืณื] [โฆ]
7
[โฆ] ืืจืณื ืื ื ืืืืณื ืืขืื ื ื[ืืณื] [โฆ]
8
[ืื] [ืช]ืืื ืืจืณืื [โฆ]
9
[ื][ืืืจ] [ืืณ]ืื ืขืืจืื ืืืณื ืืืจ ืขืืณื ืื ืชื ื ืืจ[ืืขืช] [ืขืืืื] [โฆ]
10
[โฆ] [ื]ืชืืชื ืืืช ืื[ื]ื ืืื ืืณื ืืชื ืืก[ื] [ืืกืค][ื] [โฆ][ื] [ืื ืชื]
11
[ืืืข] [ืื] [ืื ื] ืืื[ื] [ืืืณื] [ืื]ืืื ืืื [โฆ]
12
[โฆ] โฆ ืืืืช[ืช] [โฆ]ื
Fragment f6
1
[โฆ] [ื]ืืื ืืคืืืื [โฆ]
2
[โฆ] โฆ ืื [โฆ]ื
Fragment f7
1
[โฆ] ืืืณืื[ื] [โฆ]ื
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Transcriptions and morphology: Martin G. Abegg, Jr., James E. Bowley and Edward M. Cook, The Dead Sea Scrolls: Biblical and Non-Biblical Texts. Text-Fabric edition by Jarod Jacobs, Martijn Naaijer and Dirk Roorda, ETCBC, used by permission under CC BY-NC 4.0. Dictionary: Brown-Driver-Briggs. Square brackets mark letters reconstructed by the editors rather than preserved on the manuscript.
The words of this chapter
149 distinct words — each links to every other place it occurs.
ืึฐand101ืto/for87ืthe41ืึผึดืwho19ืึธืึทืจutter19ืin/on/with14ืึดืfrom13ืึทืbrother13ืึผึทืจson12ืึทืfather11ืืึผืhe10ืึธืึทืขknow8ืจึฐืขืึผืึตืRaguel8ืฉืึฐืึธืwelfare7ืึผึนืthe whole6ืึฒื ึธืI6ืขึฒืึทืจึฐืึธืAzariah6ืึทืnot6ืึผึฐืึทืfear5ืึธืnot5ื ืึผืpropagate5ืขึธืึทืact severely5ืึธืึธืbecome5ืฉืึตืdemon4ืึดื ึผืึผืthey4ืขึดืwith4ืึฐืึทืheart4ืึผึฐืึทืจman4ืขึทืtop4ืฉืึธืึทืขhear4ืึผึฐื ึธืthis4ืึธืึทืจspeak4ืึผึธืึทืงcling3ืืึผืึฐgo3ืึผึธืึธืweep3ืึธืึทืgo3ืึตืืึธืnight3ืึตืthey3ืึฑื ึธืฉืman3ืจึฐืคึธืึตืRephael3ืึดืืชึทืthere is3ืึทื ึฐืชึผึธืthou3ืึผึดืืjudge3ืึผึธืthis3ืจึธืึทืlove3ืึผึธืึทืจcut3ืึผึฐืขึทืnow3ืขึถืึฐื ึธืdelight3ืึทืone2ืงึฐืฉืึนืtruth2ืึผึฐืกึทืฃsilver2ืlike/as2ืึทืึฐืึทืึฐangel2ืขึทืperpetuity2ืฉืืึผืจtravel2ื ึฐืคึทืงgo2ืคึผึธืจึทืงtear apart2ืกึทืspice2ืึธืึทืeat2ืชึผึฐืจึตืืtwo2ืึธืึทืMadai2ืงึณืึธืbefore2ืืึนor2ืึผึทืback2ืึทืึฐืึฐืชึธืAchmetha2ืฉืึทืคึผึดืืจfair2ืฉืึธืจึธืpersist2ืึธืึทืgive2ืึธืึทืcircumcise2ืงืึผืarise2ื ึธืชึทืgive2ืึตืmother2ืคึผึธืงึทืattend to2ืึผึธืึธืbe like2ืฉืึธืึทืask2ืึธืชึธืcome2ืึทื ึฐืชึผืึผืye2ืึฒืึธืseeืงึธืึทืslayืึดืกึฐืึผึตืpoorืึนึซืจึทืwayืฉืึธืชึทืงbe quietืขืึนืa going roundื ึธืึตืชgo downืจึทืmuchืึผึธืึทืขswallow downืจึฐืึทืfootืชึผึธืงึตืฃprevail overืึผึธืึทืจbe strongืฉืืึผืputืึทืhandืึธืจึทืpursueืึทืฃalsoืงึธืจึทืcome nearืึธืwhat?ื ึธืึทืขtouchืจืึผืึทbreathืกึธืึทืจgo aroundืขึธืึทืconcealืึผึธืึทืpaintืขึทึซืึดืeyeืึธืึธืliveืึผึฐืึธืจalreadyืึธืlo!ืึผึดืืชlodgeืึธืึตืthereforeืึทืึผึดืืwise manืชึผึทืงึผึดืืฃmightyืขึธืึทืworkืึธืึนืbe ableืึผึธืึธืbe completeืึผึฐืึดืืalloyืกึฐืคึทืจbookืึนืฉืึถืMosesืึฑืึทึซืึดืthenืขึธื ึธืanswerืืึผืชdieืงึธืึทืจburyืคึผึดืงึผืึผืpreceptืขืึผืจrouse oneselfืึธืึทืงdivideืฉืึตืืึดืdeliverืึดืึผึธืwordืึฐืจึทืขseedืฉืึทืึผึดืืgreatืึตืinner manืฉืึธืึทืforgetืึฐืชึดืsitืชึผึฐืจึทืขgateื ึทืคึฐืชึผึธืึดืNaphtaliืฉืึธืึธืtake captiveื ึดืื ึฐืึตืNinevehืึฒื ึทึซืึฐื ึธืweื?ื ึธืฉืึทืงkissืึธืgoodืึผึฐืึทืจramืึธืึทืslaughterืฉืึธืชึธืdrinkืจึทืึฒืึดืืcompassionืึถืึฐืึธืjoyืคึผึทึซืึทืชpitืชึผืึนืจplaitืึธืึทืconductืึทืจึฐืึผึทืขfourืึผึฐืชึธืwritingืึฐื ึธืnumberืืึนืdayืคึผืึผืgrow numb